Abstract

Emerging zoonotic pathogens are important causes of morbidity and mortality both in humans as well as in animals and are reported in developing and developed nations. Streptococcus iniae is an emerging zoonotic pathogen primarily affecting aquaculture, causing significant morbidity and economic losses in farmed fish worldwide. This bacterium, which thrives in stressed and densely stocked aquaculture environments, has zoonotic potential, particularly for those handling or preparing infected fish. The source of infection is exogenous and ingestion is considered the main mode of transmission. Human infections, while sporadic, can result in serious conditions like bacteremia, meningitis, and endocarditis. Laboratory help is required to confirm an unequivocal diagnosis of disease. We recommend biosecurity in aquaculture, public education on safe handling, and alternative disease control strategies to mitigate risks. Current research highlights the need for sustainable management, exploring options like vaccination and plant-based antimicrobials to reduce antibiotic resistance and improve public and aquatic health.

Keywords

bacterial infection, fish, foodborne zoonosis, public health, streptococcus iniae, zoonotic pathogen