Abstract

The relationship between human societies, ecosystems, and sustainable agriculture has evolved significantly over recent decades. This chapter examines the shift from viewing nature solely as a resource for economic growth to recognizing it as the foundation for sustainable development. Starting with the rapid population growth from the 1950s to today, it highlights the increased demand for essential resources and the environmental challenges posed by this pressure. Using Mexico’s New Vision for agriculture as a case study, it discusses strategies that incorporate biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services, and sustainability in agricultural policies. This approach acknowledges the socioeconomic importance of agricultural lands and integrates often-overlooked stakeholders, such as small producers, women, and youth, to promote equitable development. The chapter explores the importance of ecosystem services, governance models, and policy interventions that consider spatial and temporal dynamics, externalities, trade-offs, and synergies. The goal is to encourage sustainable agricultural practices that balance human needs with ecosystem health, ensuring long-term well-being for both people and the environment.

Keywords

sustainable agriculture, ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation, sustainable development, governance, environmental policy, agricultural practices, socioecological systems, ecosystem dynamics, trade-offs